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Background and purpose: Cohort studies are one of the best types of observational studies in investigating the causal relationship, diseases etiology, and determining the incidence and natural history of diseases. In recent decade...
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Background and purpose: Cohort studies are one of the best types of observational studies in investigating the causal relationship, diseases etiology, and determining the incidence and natural history of diseases. In recent decades cohort studies played a major role in identification of environmental, cardiovascular and cancers risk factors. Considering the important role of cohort studies in public health, this study aimed to review population based cohort studies in Iran. Materials and methods: In this review article, Pubmed and Scopus databases and Iranian population based cohort studies websites were searched. Keywords included cohort, population based cohort, and Iran. Results: Six population based cohort studies running in Iran were found including Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, Golestan and Isfahan Cohort Studies, Shahroud Eye Cohort Study, Amirkola Health and Ageing Project, and KERCADR study. The first population based cohort study in Iran was Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study which began in 1997. We also found other cohorts with various follow up time from months to years on diseased people, pregnant women, infants and specific occupational groups. Also, some historical cohorts such as Sradasht cohort study were found. Conclusion: Several historical cohorts and six population based cohort studies were launched in different places in Iran. The oldest (Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study) is being conducted for 18 years. These studies have relatively good variety in terms of population, diversity of exposure and research objectives and can play a prominent role in production of knowledge which will be very important in evidence based policy making in public health.
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Background Meningioma is the most common intracranial tumor in the US and its etiology remains poorly understood. Meningioma has been predominantly studied among white populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associa...
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Background Meningioma is the most common intracranial tumor in the US and its etiology remains poorly understood. Meningioma has been predominantly studied among white populations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of anthropometric, comorbidity, and hormonal factors with meningioma in an ethnically diverse population.Methods A nested case-control analysis was performed within the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). Meningioma cases were identified via linkage with Medicare and the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development Hospital Discharge data and were matched to up to 10 controls. Anthropometric, comorbidities, physical activity level, and hormonal factors at baseline based on questionnaires were evaluated for association with meningioma.Results A total of 894 cases and 8918 matched controls were included in this study. Increasing body mass index (BMI) (P-trend = 0.041) and weight increases since age 21 (P-trend = 0.0052) were positively associated with meningioma. Hormonal factors including oral contraceptive use (odds ratio [OR]: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.01-1.51) and estrogen hormonal therapy use (per 5 years, OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.01-1.15) were associated with meningioma risk. Hypertension was positively associated with meningioma (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.09-1.47), with individuals who reported a history of both hypertension and diabetes showing a stronger association (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.17-2.03). The tests for heterogeneity across race/ethnicity were not statistically significant (P heterogeneity 0.17); however, the association of BMI with meningioma was mainly observed in Japanese Americans (P-trend = 0.0036) and hypertension in Japanese Americans (OR: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.17-2.27) and Native Hawaiians (OR: 1.86; 95% CI: 1.02-3.40).Conclusion Obesity, hormonal factors, and hypertension were associated with meningioma in an ethnically diverse population.
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Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a recently described cause of respiratory infection. The purpose of this study was to to further the available information on the circulation of HMPV among young asymptomatic subjects. The epidemiol...
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Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a recently described cause of respiratory infection. The purpose of this study was to to further the available information on the circulation of HMPV among young asymptomatic subjects. The epidemiology of HMPV was examined in a cohort of 73 university students during a winter season by using polymerase chain reaction. HPMV was detected in 3/73 (4.1%) asymptomatic subjects. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that circulating viruses belonged to different HMPV sublineages. Our findings indicate that asymptomatic carriage of HMPV might be a neglected source of viral transmission in the community.
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Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a recently described cause of respiratory infection. The purpose of this study was to to further the available information on the circulation of HMPV among young asymptomatic subjects. The epidemiol...
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Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a recently described cause of respiratory infection. The purpose of this study was to to further the available information on the circulation of HMPV among young asymptomatic subjects. The epidemiology of HMPV was examined in a cohort of 73 university students during a winter season by using polymerase chain reaction. HPMV was detected in 3/73 (4.1%) asymptomatic subjects. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that circulating viruses belonged to different HMPV sublineages. Our findings indicate that asymptomatic carriage of HMPV might be a neglected source of viral transmission in the community.
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In 2019, the National Institutes of Health combined the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) into the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS). In this paper, participants who made a stu...
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In 2019, the National Institutes of Health combined the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) and the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) into the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS). In this paper, participants who made a study visit during October 2018-September 2019 (targeted for MWCCS enrollment) are described by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serostatus and compared with people living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States. Participants include 2,115 women and 1,901 men with a median age of 56 years (interquartile range, 48-63); 62% are PLWH. Study sites encompass the South (18%), the Mid-Atlantic/Northeast (45%), the West Coast (22%), and the Midwest (15%). Participant race/ethnicity approximates that of PLWH throughout the United States. Longitudinal data and specimens collected for 35 years (men) and 25 years (women) were combined. Differences in data collection and coding were reviewed, and key risk factor and comorbidity data were harmonized. For example, recent use of alcohol (62%) and tobacco (28%) are common, as are dyslipidemia (64%), hypertension (56%), obesity (42%), mildly or severely impaired daily activities (31%), depressive symptoms (28%), and diabetes (22%). The MWCCS repository includes serum, plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cell pellets, urine, cervicovaginal lavage samples, oral samples, B-cell lines, stool, and semen specimens. Demographic differences between the MACS and WIHS can confound analyses by sex. The merged MWCCS is both an ongoing observational cohort study and a valuable resource for harmonized longitudinal data and specimens for HIV-related research.
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This study prospectively investigates associations between fatty acids assessed in plasma phospholipids (PPL) and diet, and breast cancer risk, including subgroups defined by hormone receptor status.
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Aims: The Troms? Study is an ongoing population-based health study in Troms?, Norway, initiated in 1974. The purpose of the seventh survey (Troms?7) 2015–2016 was to advance the population risk factor surveillance and to collect ...
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Aims: The Troms? Study is an ongoing population-based health study in Troms?, Norway, initiated in 1974. The purpose of the seventh survey (Troms?7) 2015–2016 was to advance the population risk factor surveillance and to collect new types of data. We present the study design, data collection, attendance, and prevalence of risk factors and disease. Methods: All inhabitants in Troms? municipality, Norway, aged 40 years and older ( N =32,591) were invited to a health screening including extensive questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, biological sampling (blood, urine, saliva, nasal/throat swabs, faeces), measurements (anthropometry, blood pressure, pulse, pulse oximetry) and clinical examinations (pain sensitivity, echocardiography, cognitive, physical, and lung function, accelerometer measurements, eye examinations, carotid ultrasound, electrocardiography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and heart, lung and carotid auscultation). New research areas in this round were dental and oral health examinations, collection of faecal samples for studies of normal bacterial flora and antibiotic resistance, and 24-hour urine samples for examination of sodium and iodine intakes. Results: Attendance was 65% ( N =21,083), and was higher in women, age group 50–79 years, previous attenders, and Norwegian-born individuals. Cardiovascular risk factor levels and prevalence of chronic obstructive lung disease decreased since the last survey, while the prevalence of obesity and diabetes increased. Conclusions: Attendance was stable from the sixth survey. Interaction with participants might be key to maintain participation. Favourable trends in risk factors continue, except for a continued increase in obesity. Both new data collection technology and traditional physical examinations will be crucial for the impact of future population studies.
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Lifestyles may influence the risk of hypertension. Our objective was to assess the association between a healthy-lifestyle score and the incidence of hypertension. The SUN Project is a dynamic, prospective cohort of Spanish univer...
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Lifestyles may influence the risk of hypertension. Our objective was to assess the association between a healthy-lifestyle score and the incidence of hypertension. The SUN Project is a dynamic, prospective cohort of Spanish university graduates (1999-2014). Among 14,057 participants initially free of hypertension, we assessed the influence of lifestyle-related factors based on a 10-item score that we previously reported to be associated with lower risk of major cardiovascular events. However, we focused on factors related to hypertension risk according to previous scientific evidence and international clinical guidelines and constructed a 6-item score including: no smoking, moderate-to-high physical activity, Mediterranean diet adherence, healthy body mass index, moderate alcohol intake and no binge drinking. We fitted Cox regression models to adjust for potential confounders. During a median follow-up of 10.2 years, we identified 1406 incident cases of medically diagnosed hypertension. The risk of developing hypertension was linearly reduced as participants better adhered to a healthy lifestyle pattern built by summing up these 6 factors (p for trend < 0.001). The highest category (5-6 factors) exhibited a significant 46% relative reduction in the risk of developing hypertension compared to the lowest category (0-1 factors) (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio = 0.54; 95% CI: 0.42-0.68). Among the components of the score, BMI was apparently the main factor driving the association between the HLS and lower risk of hypertension. A healthy-lifestyle score including six simple healthy habits was longitudinally and linearly associated with a substantially reduced risk of hypertension. This index may be a useful tool for hypertension prevention.
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Large prospective cohort studies are critical for identifying etiologic factors for disease, but they require substantial long-term research investment. Such studies can be conducted as multisite consortia of academic medical cent...
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Large prospective cohort studies are critical for identifying etiologic factors for disease, but they require substantial long-term research investment. Such studies can be conducted as multisite consortia of academic medical centers, combinations of smaller ongoing studies, or a single large site such as a dominant regional health-care provider. Still another strategy relies upon centralized conduct of most or all aspects, recruiting through multiple temporary assessment centers. This is the approach used by a large-scale national resource in the United Kingdom known as the "UK Biobank," which completed recruitment/examination of 503,000 participants between 2007 and 2010 within budget and ahead of schedule. A key lesson from UK Biobank and similar studies is that large studies are not simply small studies made large but, rather, require fundamentally different approaches in which "process" expertise is as important as scientific rigor. Embedding recruitment in a structure that facilitates outcome determination, utilizing comprehensive and flexible information technology, automating biospecimen processing, ensuring broad consent, and establishing essentially autonomous leadership with appropriate oversight are all critical to success. Whether and how these approaches may be transportable to the United States remain to be explored, but their success in studies such as UK Biobank makes a compelling case for such explorations to begin.
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Background: To examine if major life changes over a 4-year period among 34- to 49-year-old adults (mean = 41.8, SD = 5.0) were associated with a change in physical activity in men (37.7%) and women (62.3%). Methods: Daily steps an...
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Background: To examine if major life changes over a 4-year period among 34- to 49-year-old adults (mean = 41.8, SD = 5.0) were associated with a change in physical activity in men (37.7%) and women (62.3%). Methods: Daily steps and aerobic steps (steps that lasted for at least 10 min without interruption at a pace of >60 steps/min) were collected from 1051 participants in 2007 and 2011. Changes in marital status, work status, and residence and the birth of a child were determined from both time points. A latent change score model was used to examine mean changes in daily total steps, aerobic steps, and nonaerobic steps (total steps minus aerobic steps). Results: Women who had a first child in the 4-year period had a decrease in their nonaerobic steps (P = .001). Men who divorced in the 4-year period had a decrease in their nonaerobic steps (P = .020), whereas women who recoupled decreased their total steps (P = .030). Conclusions: Counseling for parents having a first child on how to increase physical activity in their everyday life could potentially have an influence on an individual's physical activity.
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